
I’m thinking about Hecate’s post asking on how we raise power in our rituals, how we find ourselves transformed by magick and ritual. And I find myself reaching back to the memory of Otherly power I first encountered in an indigenous pagan context among the Shona people of Zimbabwe almost 40 years ago. One of my first experiences of Goddess and courageous womanhood and somebody who took her calling seriously: the oracle spirit Mbuya Nehanda.
She is somebody I think of often, but only when I am thinking in RuwaShona. I don’t know any figure so hard to explain or interpret even to myself across the cultural barrier of the West and the English language. An oracle spirit, coming through incest, a revolutionary. And so much more, her history so obscured by contradictory stories, the demonising of racism, her multiple lives and incarnations. I grew up speaking with people whose great-grandparents had known her and whose children knew her. She was and remains Nehanda.
Where do I begin?
Once upon a time, as you might say, there was a glorious and beautiful kingdom called Monomatapa right in the heart of Africa. Niyamhika Nehanda was the beloved daughter of the first ruler Mutota, who was then living in the escarpment north of Sipolilo (now Guruwe) in about 1430 Western time. She had a brother named Matope and the father ordered the daughter to sleep with her brother. This incest ritual created great power for the ruler of the kingdom and Nehanda was given a portion of that kingdom as a thank-you gift. Her power as an oracle spirit grew over the years, transforming into mhondoro or lion spirit, and her spirit lived on in her daughter and in her daughter’s daughter, and so on for 500 years. She entered each in turn, became herself within each, and remained Nehanda of the Monomatapa.
In the Mazoe area of Zimbabwe there is a village named Chidembe and this is where Charwe Nyakisikana Nehanda was born in 1862. She worked as an oracle spirit, rain-bringer, medium, herbalist and farmer. Although she was young, she was called Mbuya which translates as ‘Grandmother’ but refers to wisdom and cunning and a wild far-seeing vision often found in the aged. As white settlers began to enter the lands of the Shona people with their guns and Bibles, many local people came to Nehanda for counsel. Her advice was at first conciliatory. ‘Don’t be afraid of them, they are only traders, but take a black cow to them and say this is the meat with which we greet you.’
Then came the forced labour, the hut taxes, the theft of cattle, the illegal occupation under colonialism. In 1896 Nehanda began to call for war. She spoke now as the great oracle spirit and queen of Monomatapa, calling on the Shona to rise up and drive the white settlers out. She promised that the power of the great land spirit Mwari would turn bullets to water. And this was the beginning of the First Chimurenga or war of liberation. Here is writer Yvonne Vera’s rendition of Nehanda’s call to war:
‘Spread yourselves through the forest and fight till the stranger decides to leave. Let us fight till the battle is decided. Is death not better than submission? There is no future till we have regained our lands and our birth. There is only this moment and we have to fight till we have redeemed ourselves. What is today’s work on this land if tomorrow we have to move to a new land? Perhaps we should no longer bury our dead…
Who are these strangers …these gold hunters? Our men helped them hunt for gold and we thought they would leave. Now they have discovered that our land is the gold they sought?
Raise your spears. Move into the mountains, I say. Worship your ancestors. Your ancestors shall protect you when you begin to release yourselves from his bondage.’
Nehanda herself fled into hiding and managed to evade capture for a year, but was arrested at the end of 1897 and put on trial for her part in events leading to the death of a native commissioner who had thrashed and humiliated a black chief.
She was sentenced to death by hanging but the first two attempts to hang her failed. A bystander suggested that a tobacco pouch of muti (medicine) be removed from her pocket. This was done and she was hanged. Dying at the age of 35, she cried out a final prophecy in Shona: ‘My bones shall rise again’.
On 27 April 1898, to counter rumours that Nehanda had been seen walking the fields and roads of Mazoe, the district surgeon of Salisbury wrote: ‘I certify that I have examined the body of Nianda, upon whom sentence of death has been executed, and that life is extinct.’
But seven decades later, in 1972, the spirit of Nyamhika Nehanda spoke out again from a widely respected medium and healer, an elderly woman in Dande near the Zambezi valley. She guided fighters through the shoulder-high grasses and spindly grey fever trees of the borderlands. As Nehanda, she was consulted on military decisions and her prophecies provided valuable assistance to the revolutionary struggle against the racist forces of white Rhodesia. She died in 1973 in exile in Mozambique, but by then the call to the second Chimurenga or war of independence had been heard. All who knew her, realised they were in the presence of Nehanda, the queen of Monomatapa, the ancestral spirit of Zimbabwe. She was buried like a chief on a wooden platform sunk into the earth and surrounded by a hut built and thatched in a single day. As the enduring and undying Nehanda it is said of her in this region: Vaititungamira muhondo yerusununguko [she led us through the long grass in the war of liberation].
And Nehanda is there still among the people, suffering with them, inspiring them, calling them to a renewed vision amidst drought and plague and poverty. As Yvonne Vera wrote before her own untimely death from Aids, Nehanda is ‘the wind that covers the earth with joyful celebration’. She is Mbuya the grandmother. No matter how many times and no matter with what cruelty she is put to death, her bones will rise again. She is deathless, the mhondoro lion spirit, the oracle, the raingiver, the grandmother, Nehanda.
Where is our freedom Nehanda?
Won’t you come down to help us?
Our elderly are treated like children
in the land you gave us
Won’t you come down to help us?
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