
One of the names for it is Maafa, meaning ‘the great disaster’.
I look down from the plane windows at the grey and brown flow of river, the sandspits, the flat rocks, the dense grey-green patches of reed. Somewhere here in Angola my great- great-grandmother was abducted, sold and taken to the Cape Colony as a slave, sold again outside the port’s Slave Lodge and renamed. She would escape (run away?) to the dorp of Swellendam and as a freed slave her daughter would marry a British immigrant and call herself ‘white’, call herself English, forget her maternal line with its shameful origins.
This is another of the closely guarded secrets lon my mother’s side of the family. Her great-grandfather married a slave woman known as Dorothea Magdalena van de Kaap, although Dorothea was originally abducted from Angola and may have been known as Angela or Christina de Angola.
What would her name have been in Angola?
There are many places to which slaves came, forcibly brought there, an influx of unpaid labour. But there are also the places from which the slaves were taken. Maafa. The site of abduction, the selling of local people into slavery over centuries and across oceans and continents, the place from which they were taken.
The Pied Piper of Hamelin, a poem that so frightened my mother. The Piper plays his tune and the children follow him into the side of the mountain and the mountain closes. They have gone for good, they have been taken away. There is only the absence, the memory of a lost generation.
They wrote the story on a column,
And on the great Church-Window painted
The same, to make the world acquainted
How their children were stolen away;
And there it stands to this very day.
And I must not omit to say
That in Transylvania there’s a tribe
Of alien people that ascribe
The outlandish ways and dress
On which their neighbours lay such stress,
To their fathers and mothers having risen
Out of some subterraneous prison
Into which they were trepanned
Long time ago in a mighty band
Out of Hamelin town in Brunswick land,
But how or why, they don’t understand.
In the Cape Colony, there is the strange institution known as the Orphan Chambers. The Orphan Chambers had existed in the different states of the Netherlands for some time and Dutch Law was extended to the territories of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC). Thus the Orphan Chamber of Batavia was established by resolution of the High Government of 1 October, 1624. The Orphan Chamber in Batavia, as in the Cape, was responsible for the making of inventories, acting as the guardian of minors and administering the minors’ property until they came of age. Property that included slaves.
The names of slaves: Baly, Rosina, Corydon, November, Apollis, Rosetta, Carel, Mamsie, Salamon, Roosje, Joseph of Boegies, August of Bengalen, Philip of Malabar, Novel of Mocambique, Betje of the Cape, Jan, Apollonia, Rebekkah, Philida, Sylvia, Hendrina, Januarij of Mosambique, Florinda of the Coast of Coromandel, Flora, Samson, Titus, Job of Madagascar, Trompetter, Caspar, Cupido.
Biblical names were often given to the slaves, e.g. Salomon, Izaak, Abraham, Jonas, or sometimes the names of the month of the year in which they were sold, e.g. November, September, Julij, etc. In some cases the name would give an indication of the personality of the slave, e.g. Harlekyn, Platvoet, Snaphaan and Tooijang. Pasop of Malabar was a slave belonging to Arnoldus Johannes Basson – one wonders why he bore this cautionary appellation meaning “be careful”. Their country of origin formed part of their name. Many slaves came from the Indian Ocean, India, Malaysia, Ceylon, the East African coast and the island of Madagascar. There were also slaves from Angola, Bali, China and Japan. Many were born “in this Colony” in other words the Cape of Good Hope, and therefore known as “of the Cape”.
Before she was abducted and taken into slavery, she may have thought of herself as belonging to the peoples known as Ambundu or Ovimbundu. She might have been of the Bakongo people, or Chokwe. She may have spoken Umbundu, Kimbundu or Kikongo. If she was born with the umbilical cord wrapped around her neck, she may have been named Ndzingha from kujinga, to twist or turn. Both my mother and her mother were born with the cord twisted around their necks. She may have lived in a matrilineal society, she may have been a story teller or a healer, she may have created pottery or woven baskets. Who knows what she believed, what deities or ancestral spirits she called on in the ship hold, at the selling place?
The process by which she became invisible.
Slaves as the collective unseen and unheard. They were treated as commodity. They could not marry. They had no right to their own children. They did not share in the Civil Law but were allowed to share in the laws of nature, they could cohabit even though they could not marry. But breaking this relationship was not adultery, since they were not married. They could not possess property. Their production and reproduction was controlled. They could not choose where they lived or for whom they would work, or what work they would perform.
She was made a slave with a new name that was Mestiço or Creole, Christina or Angela of Angola, the Latinized names symbolising a female Christ, a female angel or saint. As well as indicating the place from which she had been taken, Angola, meaning the banks of a brown river, a clearing in the forest, a family home, a dim memory of freedom.
She was sold on arrival in the Cape and another name given to her by the Dutch, a name signifying respectability and the repentance of the Magdalene. She may been baptised in the Dutch Reformed Church although it is unlikely she was taught to read or write. She was renamed to obliterate her Angolan identity, to mark her as a slave and a Christianized savage, a creature redeemed by civilisation, a property of the Cape Colony, defined by that place and not the place of her birth.
And then, renamed, she passes into invisibility, a slave, a runaway, a woman whose daughter would find nominal freedom under the Abolition laws. Her ancestry suppressed in the name of whiteness, her blood denied, her existence found unacceptable.
Below me, the brown river flowing towards the sea, the delta, the tributaries, the unstoppable trajectory.